Polyester containing tertiary carboxyl groups, preparation method and thermosetting powder compositions containing same

ABSTRACT

The invention concerns a polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups, characterised in that it consists of: (a) 8.1 to 35 moles of an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic of a polyol; (b) 9.1 to 36 moles of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acid; (c) 1.6 to 2.8 moles of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic compound comprising a tertiary carboxyl group and either a primary or secondary carboxyl group, or a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. Said polyester is prepared in several steps, the first steps consisting in the preparation of a polyester by condensation between (a) an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyol, and (b) an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acid, the final step consisting in condensing said polyester with (c) an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic compound comprising a tertiary carboxyl group and either a primary or secondary carboxyl group, or a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. Said polyester is used in thermosetting powder compositions, mixed with a crosslinking agent which is more particularly a β-hydroxylalkylamide. Said compositions provide coatings with excellent surface appearance, good flexibility and good resistance to poor weather conditions.

This is a 371 application of PCT/BE99/00015 filed Feb. 3, 1999.

The present invention relates to novel polyesters containing tertiarycarboxyl groups, to a process for their preparation and to thermosettingpowder compositions containing, as binder, the said polyesters and acrosslinking agent capable of reacting with their carboxyl groups.

The invention also relates to the use of these compositions to preparepowdered paints and varnishes for making coatings, as well as to thecoatings thus obtained.

Thermosetting powder compositions are well known in the state of the artand are widely used as paints and varnishes for coating a very variedrange of objects. These powders have many advantages: on the one hand,the problems associated with the use of solvents is completelyeliminated, on the other hand, the powders are used at 100%, given thatonly the powder in direct contact with the substrate is retained by thatsubstrate, the excess of powder being, in principle, entirelyrecoverable and reusable. Consequently, these powdered compositions arepreferred over coating compositions in the form of solutions in anorganic solvent.

Thermosetting powder compositions have already found a large opening inthe coating of household appliances, accessories for the motor vehicleindustry, etc. They generally contain thermosetting organic compoundsconstituting the binder for the paint, fillers, pigments, catalysts andvarious additives to adapt their behaviour to their use.

Besides the thermosetting powder compositions, thermoplasticcompositions in powder form also exist. These compositions comprisepolymers which do not contain any reactive chemical groups. When thistype of powder is heated on a substrate, the particles melt, coalesceand spread over the substrate to form a smooth and uniform coating.

In contrast, the polymers used in the thermosetting powder compositionscontain a reactive chemical group, for example a carboxyl, hydroxyl orepoxide group. In this type of powder, a crosslinking agent is addedwhich contains chemical groups which react with those of the polymerswhen the powder is fired on the substrate. This results in hardercoatings which are more resistant to chemical agents, which adherebetter to metal surfaces and which do not soften when they are exposedto high temperatures. However, the crosslinking of thermosetting powderscreates a new series of problems when compared with thermoplasticpowders. Firstly, the crosslinking can give rise to a lack of surfaceuniformity, which gives it an orange-peel appearance. This is due to thefact that, during its firing, the powder crosslinks before the powderparticles have had the time to spread out to make a very uniform coat.Another consequence of this premature crosslinking is that air bubblescan remain trapped in the coating, which adversely affects its surfaceappearance, its adhesion to the substrate and its protective effect.Another problem encountered with thermosetting powder compositions isthat of giving coatings which lack flexibility. When a coating isdeposited on metal sheets intended to manufacture articles which willneed to be folded at various angles, it is essential for the coating notto crack at the location of the fold. In addition, it is essential forthe powder to be stable in storage. In other words, it must remain in afinely pulverulent state for a sufficiently long period, and must notreagglomerate, which implies that the polymer used as binder for thepowder should have a sufficiently high glass transition temperature.Lastly, when the thermosetting powder composition is intended to makecoatings on articles forming part of architectural constructions, it isvery important for these coatings to withstand bad weather. In thelatter case, it is common practice to use amorphous polyesters, bearingcarboxyl groups, containing a majority of isophthalic acid as acidicconstituent, as a mixture with triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) ascrosslinking agent. This does indeed give the coatings good resistanceto photodegradation and to hydrolysis of the ester groups, but thecoatings thus obtained do not have good impact strength. In addition,TGIC is tending to be used less than previously, since it exhibitshealth and safety problems. Specifically, TGIC is relatively toxic, itsLD50 lethal dose being 0.4 g/kg orally in rats, and it is mutagenicaccording to the Ames mutagenicity test; it is also thought to give riseto allergic reactions, reflected by eczema and asthma.

Attempts have thus been made to replace TGIC with other crosslinkingagents for polyesters bearing carboxyl groups. Among these, acryliccopolymers bearing epoxide groups have been used, as in patent EP 38635.However, binders containing these two types of compound give coatingswhose impact strength and flexibility are not entirely satisfactory.Attempts have also been made to use beta-hydroxyalkylamides ascrosslinking agents for polyesters bearing carboxyl groups. The hydroxylgroup located in the beta position relative to the amide group is highlyreactive in the esterification of the carboxyl group in the polyesters,which leads to problems as regards the rate of crosslinking ofcompositions containing this type of crosslinking agent. The reason forthis is that, since this rate is high, the coating does not have enoughtime to spread out correctly when it melts, which leads to surfacedefects such as the formation of an orange-peel skin. In addition, thisesterification is accompanied by a release of water, which does not havetime to escape from the coating as it hardens, which also leads tosurface defects.

Patent EP 322,834, for example, describes thermosetting powdercompositions essentially containing a polyester bearing carboxyl groupsand a beta-hydroxyalkylamide, which is applied to a substrate and isthen crosslinked at a temperature of 160 to 200° C. Despite the presenceof benzoin in these compositions, which is added as degassing agent, thebubbles of water and air remain trapped in the hardened coating after ithas melted and crosslinked, especially if the coating is relativelythick. In addition, the flow of the powder when it melts is not optimal.

Patent application WO 91/14745 describes thermosetting powdercompositions containing an amorphous polyester containing carboxylgroups, a semi-crystalline polyester containing carboxyl groups and acrosslinking agent. 10 to 40% by weight of the semi-crystallinepolyester is preferably used relative to the polyesters as a whole, andthe crosslinking agent can be a beta-hydroxyalkylamide. The presence ofthe semi-crystalline polyester in these compositions improves themechanical properties of the coatings they provide. However, thepresence of these semi-crystalline polyesters also increases the rate ofhardening of these compositions, which could be a factor whichdisfavours the satisfactory flowing and degassing of these compositionswhen they melt, leading to surface defects in the coatings.

Patent application EP 668,895 also describes thermosetting powdercompositions containing a polyester bearing carboxyl groups and abeta-hydroxyalkylamide. The polyesters of that patent application have afunctionality of carboxyl groups of less than 2, obtained by addingmonofunctional acids or alcohols during the synthesis of the polyester.By virtue of this reduced functionality, the polyester is less reactive,which makes the powder flow better when it melts and allows the bubblesof air and of water vapour to escape from the coating before it hardens,unlike the compositions in patent applications EP 322,834 and WO91/14745. However, since the polyester contains chain ends which do notbear a reactive group, these ends do not participate in the formation ofthe three-dimensional network during the crosslinking of the powder,which reduces the resistance to solvents and the flexibility of thecoatings thus obtained.

As can be appreciated, it is not easy to find a thermosetting powdercomposition which by itself combines all the qualities which it would bedesired to find therein, such as good stability in storage, good flowingwhen melting in order to give it a smooth, taut and glossy appearancewhich has no orange-peel skin or bubbles, good flexibility and goodsurface hardness, at the same time as good resistance to solvents, tobad weather and to hydrolysis.

The present invention is aimed at providing thermosetting powdercompositions which combine the qualities listed above, more particularlywhen these compositions contain a beta-hydroxyalkylamide as crosslinkingagent.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a polyester bearingtertiary carboxyl groups, which allows most of these problems to besolved. By finding a good compromise between the reactivity of thetertiary carboxyl groups in the polyester which contains them, itsfunctionality and its acid number (factor which is in correlation withthe molecular weight and which thus governs its viscosity, which is anessential factor for correct flowing of the composition in the moltenstate), coatings have been successfully produced, according to thepresent invention, the surface of these coatings having a very smoothand taut appearance, without any orange-peel skin or bubbles retained inthe coating. In addition, these coatings have very good flexibility andvery good resistance to bad weather and to hydrolysis.

The invention also provides a specific process for preparing thesepolyesters in several steps, the tertiary carboxyl groups mainly beingfound at the end of the polyester chains.

Lastly, the invention relates to thermosetting powder compositionscontaining this polyester and a crosslinking agent, as well as to theuse of these compositions to prepare powdered paints and varnishes,which give coatings which combine most of the favourable propertieslisted above.

One of the subjects of the present invention is thus a polyester bearingtertiary carboxyl groups, characterized in that it consists of:

(a) 8.1 to 35 mol of an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyol,

(b) 9.1 to 36 mol of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromaticpolycarboxylic acid,

(c) 1.6 to 2.8 mol of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic compoundcontaining, on the one hand, a tertiary carboxyl group, and, on theother hand, either a primary or secondary carboxyl group or a primary orsecondary hydroxyl group.

This number of moles of constituents in (a), (b) and (c) is relative toone mole of the polyester containing them.

The aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyol (a) is chosen from neopentylglycol, 2,2-butylethyl-1,3-propanediol, neopentyl glycolhydroxypivalate, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, trimethylolpropane,ditrimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, etc. Preferably, from 40 to 100%,and better still from 60 to 100%, by weight of an aliphatic diolcontaining two primary hydroxyl groups, in particular neopentyl glycol,is used relative to the entire weight of the polyols.

The aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acid (b) ischosen from isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid oranhydride, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylicacid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, etc. Preferably, from 85 to 100%by weight of a dicarboxylic aromatic acid, in particular terephthalicacid and/or isophthalic acid, is used relative to the entire weight ofthe polycarboxylic acids.

The aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic compound (c) containing, onthe one hand, a tertiary carboxyl group, and, on the other hand, aprimary or secondary carboxyl or hydroxyl group, can be represented bythe general formula I below:

in which R¹ and R² mean, independently of each other, an alkyl groupcontaining from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group or an arylgroup;

Y represents a carboxyl or hydroxyl group;

R³ represents a hydrogen atom or has the same meaning as R¹ or R²;preferably, R³ represents a hydrogen atom.

When Y represents a hydroxyl group in formula I, the compound (c) is ahydroxy acid containing a primary or secondary hydroxyl group,preferably a primary group, and a tertiary carboxyl group, which can bechosen from hydroxypivalic acid (or 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanoicacid), 3-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropanoic acid,3-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-phenylpropanoic acid,2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylbutanoic acid,2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)butanoic acid,2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenylbutanoic acid,2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-2-phenylbutanoic acid,2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpentanoic acid,2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)pentanoic acid,2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propylpentanoic acid,2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenylpentanoic acid,2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanoic acid,2-butyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanoic acid,2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenylhexanoic acid,2-heptyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)decanoic acid, etc. Among these compounds,hydroxypivalic acid is preferred.

When Y represents a carboxyl group in formula I, compound (c) is adiacid containing a tertiary carboxyl group and a primary or secondarycarboxyl group, preferably a primary group, which can be chosen from2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid, 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinic acid,2,2-diethylsuccinic acid, 2-methyl-2-propylsuccinic acid,2-isopropyl-2-methylsuccinic acid, 2-ethyl-2-propylsuccinic acid,2,2-dipropylsuccinic acid, 2-hexyl-2-methylsuccinic acid,2-heptyl-2-methylsuccinic acid, 2,2-bis(2-methylpropyl)succinic acid,2,2-bis(isobutyl)succinic acid, 2-decyl-2-methylsuccinic acid,2-decyl-2-propylsuccinic acid, 2-methyl-2-phenylsuccinic acid,2-ethyl-2-phenylsuccinic acid, 2-phenyl-2-propylsuccinic acid,2-butyl-2-phenylsuccinic acid, 2-pentyl-2-phenylsuccinic acid,2-hexyl-2-phenylsuccinic acid, 2-heptyl-2-phenylsuccinic acid,2-octyl-2-phenylsuccinic acid, 2,2-diphenylsuccinic acid, etc. Theanhydrides corresponding to all these acids can also be used. Amongthese compounds, 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid or its anhydride ispreferably used.

The polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups according to theinvention has an acid number of from 15 to 50 mg of KOH/g, preferablyfrom 25 to 35 mg of KOH/g, and a hydroxyl number of from 0 to 10 mg ofKOH/g. Its number-average molecular weight ranges from 1800 to 10,500,preferably from 2900 to 5000. The functionality of this polyester rangesfrom 1.6 to 2.8, preferably from 1.85 to 2.25. Its ICI viscosity,measured by the cone/plate method at 200° C., ranges from 10 mPa.s to10,000 mPa.s and its glass transition temperature is between 45 and 85°C., when measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), with atemperature increase of 20° C./min. The standards applied to determinethese values are outlined at the start of the examples which follow.

Another subject of the present invention is a process for preparing apolyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups, characterized in that it iscarried out in several steps, the first steps consisting in preparing aprepolyester by condensation between (a) an aliphatic or cycloaliphaticpolyol, and (b) an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylicacid, the final step consisting in condensing this prepolyester with (c)an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic compound containing, on the onehand, a tertiary carboxyl group, and, on the other hand, either aprimary or secondary carboxyl group or a primary or secondary hydroxylgroup.

More particularly, in this preparation process:

(1) (i) a prepolyester bearing hydroxyl groups is first prepared bycondensation between compounds (a) and (b), using a stoichiometricexcess of the polyol (a) relative to the polycarboxylic acid (b),

(ii) the prepolyester obtained in (1) (i) is then condensed with apolycarboxylic acid (b), with the exception, however, of terephthalicacid, in order to form a prepolyester bearing carboxyl groups, and

(iii) lastly, the prepolyester obtained in (1) (ii) is condensed with acompound (c) containing, on the one hand, a tertiary carboxyl group,and, on the other hand, a primary or secondary hydroxyl group; oralternatively

(2) (i) a prepolyester bearing hydroxyl groups is first prepared as in(1) (i),

(ii) this prepolyester is then condensed with a compound (c) containing,on the one hand, a tertiary carboxyl group, and, on the other hand, aprimary or secondary carboxyl group; or alternatively

(3) (i) a prepolyester bearing carboxyl groups is first prepared bycondensation between compounds (a) and (b), using a stoichiometricexcess of the polycarboxylic acid (b) relative to the polyol (a), withthe exception, however, of terephthalic acid,

(ii) the prepolyester obtained in (3) (i) is then condensed with acompound (c) containing, on the one hand, a tertiary carboxyl group,and, on the other hand, a primary or secondary hydroxyl group.

The compounds (a), (b) and (c) used to prepare the polyester bearingtertiary carboxyl groups are the same as those described above withrespect to the polyester according to the invention. The molar amountsin which they are present are also the same. The acid number andhydroxyl number, molecular weight, functionality, viscosity and glasstransition temperature values which characterize the polyesters obtainedby this synthetic process are also those of the polyester bearingtertiary carboxyl groups according to the invention.

This specific synthetic method, in which the compound (c) is used in thefinal step of the synthesis, ensures the production of a polyester inwhich the tertiary carboxyl groups are mainly at the ends of thepolyester chains, without virtually having reacted at all. The primaryand/or secondary and/or aromatic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups incompounds (a) and (b) have, on the other hand, reacted together almostcompletely. As will be seen later in a comparative example, if anattempt is made to synthesize the polyester according to the inventionin a single step, using diols containing primary hydroxyl groups ascompounds (a), these diols react with the tertiary carboxyl groups ofthe compound (c) of formula I, such that the latter compound isincorporated in a large amount into the polyester chain, thus not makingit possible to obtain a polyester according to the invention, in whichthe tertiary carboxyl groups are mainly at the end of the polyesterchains.

Patent application EP 634,434 describes a linear polyester containingtertiary aliphatic carboxyl groups as a constituent of a thermosettingpowder composition. This polyester is synthesized in a single step andcontains:

at least one monofunctional compound comprising a primary or secondaryhydroxyl group and/or at least one compound comprising a primary orsecondary hydroxyl group and a tertiary aliphatic carboxyl group;

at least one aromatic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acid comprising twoaromatic or secondary aliphatic carboxyl groups;

at least one diol comprising two primary or secondary hydroxyl groups;

at least one dihydroxymonocarboxylic acid comprising a tertiary carboxylgroup and two primary or secondary aliphatic hydroxyl groups.

In this polyester, only unreacted tertiary carboxyl groups remain, theother carboxyl groups having completely reacted with the hydroxylgroups. According to the examples in that patent application, all thelinear polyesters containing, the tertiary aliphatic carboxyl groupsprepared contain hydrogenated bisphenol A, which is a preferred compoundaccording to that patent application, as sole diol, i.e. a diol whosehydroxyl groups are secondary. In fact, the one-step synthetic methoddescribed in that patent application is, with the compounds used, onlypossible with secondary diols, which react with tertiary carboxyls withgreat difficulty, but which can react with secondary carboxyls, such asthose of the hexahydrophthalic acid used in the examples, and which isthe preferred compound according to that patent application. Incontrast, as seen above, it is not possible to synthesize the polyestersbearing tertiary carboxyl groups of the present invention in a singlestep.

The polyesters prepared in the examples in that patent application havetwo major drawbacks compared with those of the present invention.Specifically, the vast majority of the monomers used to prepare them arealiphatic and cycloaliphatic compounds, and it is known that this typeof monomer gives polyesters whose resistance to bad weather isunsatisfactory. Moreover, the acid number of these polyesters rangesfrom 67.3 to 87.0 mg of KOH/g, and these very high values increase thereactivity of these polyesters to the point of completelycounterbalancing the beneficial effect of the reduced reactivity of thetertiary carboxyl groups they contain, which is an obstacle to slowingdown the crosslinking reaction, which is precisely the cause of thefavourable results obtained according to the present invention.

The polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups according to theinvention can be prepared by bulk polycondensation, in two or threesteps, using a standard polyesterification reactor, equipped with astirrer, a distillation column connected to a water-cooled condenser, anitrogen inlet and a thermometer connected to a temperature regulator.

According to the three-step process of the invention (1), thepolycarboxylic acids (b) are placed in the reactor with a stoichiometricexcess of the polyols (a), with stirring, at a temperature of from 120to 150° C., under nitrogen and in the presence of an esterificationcatalyst. The temperature is increased to 200-250° C., while the waterbegins to distil off at 190° C. When the distillation at atmosphericpressure stops, the prepolyester bearing hydroxyl groups is cooled and apolycarboxylic acid (b) other than terephthalic acid (which is tooinsoluble according to this process) is added thereto. In this secondstep, carboxylation and an optional chain extension of the prepolyesterare carried out, at a temperature of 200-250° C., first at atmosphericpressure and then under vacuum, until the desired prepolyester isobtained, according to its acid number, its hydroxyl number and itsviscosity. In a third step, compound (c) bearing a tertiary carboxylgroup and a primary or secondary hydroxyl group is added, between 180and 200° C., with stirring. The reaction is continued at 225-250° C.,under vacuum, until the desired acid and hydroxyl numbers and thedesired viscosity are obtained. The usual additives can be added to thepolyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups, which is thus obtained,before emptying the reactor.

According to the two-step process of the invention (2), a prepolyesterbearing hydroxyl groups is first prepared in the same way as in step oneof process (1). During the second step, compound (c) containing atertiary carboxyl group and a primary or secondary carboxyl group isadded between 180 and 200° C. and with stirring. The reaction iscontinued at a temperature of from 180 to 220° C., under vacuum, untilthe desired acid and hydroxyl numbers and the desired viscosity areobtained. An alternative to this second step consists in using theanhydride of the same compound (c), at a temperature of from 160 to 200°C., with stirring, until the desired acid and hydroxyl numbers and thedesired viscosity are obtained. The usual additives can be added to thepolyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups, which is thus obtained,before emptying the reactor.

According to the two-step process of the invention (3), a prepolyesterbearing carboxyl groups is first prepared by adding a stoichiometricexcess of one or more polycarboxylic acids (b), other than terephthalicacid (since it is too insoluble according to this process), to thepolyols (a) at a temperature of from 120 to 150° C., under nitrogen andwith stirring, in the presence of an esterification catalyst. Thetemperature is increased to 200-250° C., while the water begins todistil off at 190° C. When the distillation at atmospheric pressurestops, the condensation is continued under vacuum until the desiredprepolyester bearing carboxyl groups is obtained, according to its acidnumber, its hydroxyl number and its viscosity. In a third step, compound(c) bearing a tertiary carboxyl group and a primary or secondaryhydroxyl group is added, between 180° and 200° C., with stirring. Thereaction is continued at 225-250° C. under vacuum, until the desiredacid and hydroxyl numbers and the desired viscosity are obtained. Theusual additives can be added to the polyester bearing tertiary carboxylgroups, which is thus obtained, before emptying the reactor.

Examples of an esterification catalyst which is used are tinderivatives, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin oxide orn-butyltin trioctanoate, or titanium derivatives, such astetrabutoxytitanate. From 0 to 1% of phenolic derivatives, such asIrganox 1010, can be added as antioxidant, alone or with variousstabilizers of the phosphite type, such as tributyl phosphite.

The present invention also relates to thermosetting powder compositionscontaining the polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups in accordancewith the invention and a crosslinking agent bearing functional groupscapable of reacting with the carboxyl groups of the polyester. Theinvention also relates to the preparation of powdered varnishes andpaints, as well as to the powdered varnishes and paints obtained usingthese compositions.

Lastly, the invention also relates to a process for coating an article,preferably a metal article, which is characterized by applying athermosetting powder composition, in accordance with the invention, tothe said article by deposition with an electrostatic or triboelectricspray gun or by deposition in a fluidized bed, followed by heating thecoating thus obtained to a temperature of from 160 to 225° C. for aperiod of about 5 to 30 minutes.

The crosslinking agent used to prepare the thermosetting powdercompositions in accordance with the invention is chosen from compoundscontaining functional groups capable of reacting with the carboxylgroups of the polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups. Among thesecompounds which are used as crosslinking agents are:

polyepoxidized compounds which are solid at ordinary temperature andwhich contain at least two epoxy groups per molecule, such as, forexample, triglycidyl isocyanurate (such as the product sold under thename Araldite PT 810 by the company Ciba-Geigy), although this is notpreferred on account of its toxicity, or the epoxy resin Araldite PT 910(from the same company), which contains a 75/25 mixture of diglycidylterephthalate and triglycidyl trimellitate, or alternatively the productof reaction of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and of epichlorohydrin,such as GT 7004 from the company Ciba-Geigy or Epikote 1055 from thecompany Shell.

acrylic copolymers containing glycidyl groups, obtained from glycidylmethacrylate and/or from glycidyl acrylate and from a (meth)acrylicmonomer and optionally from an ethylenically monounsaturated monomerother than glycidyl (meth)acrylate and other than the (meth)acrylicmonomer. An example of this type of acrylic copolymer is GMA252 sold bythe company Estron Chemical Inc.

beta-hydroxyalkylamides which contain at least one, preferably two,bis(beta-hydroxyalkyl)amide groups, for example those mentioned inpatent applications WO 91/14745, EP 322,834 and EP 473,380 and in U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,727,111, 4,788,255 and 4,076,917. Thesebeta-hydroxyalkylamides, which are the preferred crosslinking agentsaccording to the present invention, correspond to the general formula IIbelow:

 in which A represents a mono- or polyvalent organic group derived fromsaturated or unsaturated alkyl groups containing from 1 to 60 carbonatoms, or an aryl group, or a trialkene-amino group containing from 1 to4 carbon atoms, or a carboxy-alkenyl group or alternatively analkoxy-carbonyl-alkenyl group;

R¹ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 5carbon atoms, or alternatively a hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to5 carbon atoms;

R² and R³ are identical or different and represent, independently, ahydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group containing from 1 to 5carbon atoms, it also being possible for one of the groups R² and one ofthe groups R³ to form a cycloalkyl group with the carbon atom adjacentto it;

m and n are between 1.6 and 2.0;

preferably, A represents an alkyl group containing from 1 to 10 carbonatoms;

R¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1to 5 carbon atoms;

R² and R³ represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl or ethyl group.

The preferred beta-hydroxyalkylamides correspond to the general formulaIII below:

in which n ranges from 0.2 to 1 and R³ can be a hydrogen atom (productsold under the name Primid XL 552 by the company EMS) or a methyl group(product sold under the name Primid QM 1260 by the company EMS).

The thermosetting powder compositions in accordance with the inventioncan also contain, besides the polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groupsand the crosslinking agent, a semi-crystalline polyester bearingcarboxyl groups, in a minor amount relative to the polyesters as awhole, for example from 0 to 40% by weight. Such semi-crystallinepolyesters are well known in the state of the art, for example in patentapplication WO 91/14745. Their acid number is between 10 and 70 mg ofKOH/g, preferably between 15 and 40 mg of KOH/g, and theirnumber-average molecular weight ranges from 1600 to 17,000, preferablyfrom 2800 to 11,200; they have a glass transition temperature of from 10to 50° C., a melting range of from 70 to 150° C. and an ICI viscosity offrom 10 to 10,000 mPa.s, at 175° C. The presence of thesesemi-crystalline polyesters bearing carboxyl groups in the thermosettingcompositions in accordance with the invention can contribute in certaincases towards further improving the surface appearance, the flexibilityand the resistance to bad weather of the coatings.

The crosslinking agent described above is used in a proportion of from0.25 to 1.4, preferably from 0.5 to 1.05, equivalents of epoxy orbeta-hydroxyalkyl groups, per equivalent of carboxyl groups existing inthe polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups and the semi-crystallinepolyester bearing carboxyl groups which is optionally present.

The thermosetting powder compositions in accordance with the inventioncan contain, for example, from 97 to 60 parts by weight of the polyesterbearing tertiary carboxyl groups and of the semi-crystalline polyester,and from 3 to 40 parts by weight of crosslinking agent, relative to thetotal weight of the polyesters and of the crosslinking agent.

The thermosetting powder compositions in accordance with the inventioncan also contain various auxiliary substances conventionally used in themanufacture of powdered paints and varnishes.

The auxiliary substances optionally added to the thermosettingcompositions in accordance with the invention are, inter alia, compoundswhich absorb ultraviolet rays, such as Tinuvin 900 (from Ciba-GeigyCorp.) and light-stabilizers based on sterically hindered amines (forexample Tinuvin 144 from Ciba-Geigy Corp.). A variety of inorganicpigments and fillers can also be added to the thermosetting compositionsin accordance with the invention. As examples of pigments and fillers,mention will be made of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide, ironoxide, zinc oxide, etc., metal hydroxides, metal powders, sulphides,sulphates, carbonates, silicates such as, for example, aluminiumsilicate, carbon black, talc, kaolins, barytas, ultramarine blues, leadblues, organic reds, organic browns, etc. Auxiliary substances whichwill also be mentioned are fluidity modifiers such as Resiflow PV5 (fromWorlee) or Modaflow (from Monsanto), or Acronal 4F (from BASF),plasticizers such as dicyclohexyl phthalate, triphenyl phosphate,auxiliary grinding agents, desiccating oils and degassing agents such asbenzoin. These auxiliary substances are used in usual amounts, it beingunderstood that if the thermosetting compositions in accordance with theinvention are used as varnishes, the addition of auxiliary substanceswith opacifying properties will be omitted.

For the preparation of the thermosetting powder compositions, theconstituents of the composition are dry-mixed, for example in a drummixer. This mixture is then homogenized at a temperature within therange from 80 to 150° C. in an extruder, for example a Buss-Ko-kneadersingle-screw extruder or a Prism or A.P.V. twin-screw extruder. Next,the extrudate is left to cool, it is ground, optionally at very lowtemperature using liquid nitrogen, and is screened in order to obtain apowder whose particle size is between 10 and 150 micrometres.

The powdered paints and varnishes thus obtained are entirely suitablefor application to the article to be coated by conventional techniques,i.e. by the well-known technique of deposition in a fluidized bed or byapplication using an electrostatic or triboelectric spray gun. In thelatter case, additives known to increase the charging-up intriboelectric systems are added.

After they have been applied to the article concerned, the coatingsdeposited are cured by heating in an oven at a temperature of from 160to 225° C. for a period of about 5 to 30 minutes in order to obtaincomplete crosslinking of the coating.

The examples which follow illustrate the invention without limiting it.In these examples, the determination of certain characteristic valueswas carried out according to the methods described below:

the gloss: this is expressed as the intensity of the reflected light, asa percentage, relative to the intensity of the light incident at anangle of 60° and measured according to ASTM standard D 523;

the impact strength: this is measured using a Gardner machine accordingto ASTM standard D 2794. Cold-rolled steel panels provided with a curedcoating are subjected to impacts of increasing intensity on the coatedside (direct impact) and on the uncoated side (reverse impact). Thelargest impact which does not cause the coating to crack is reported inkg.cm;

the QUV accelerated ageing test: chromium-plated aluminium panelsprovided with a cured coating to be tested are placed in a “QUV panel”test machine from the company Q-Panel Co. (Cleveland, USA), andsubjected to several cycles of exposure to UV lamps and to moisture, atvarious temperatures.

Among the various cycles of this type which are described in ASTMstandard G 53-88, the coatings in the present case were subjected to acycle of exposure for 8 hours to a fluorescent UVA lamp (340 nmwavelength and 0.77 W/m²/nm intensity) which simulates the harmfuleffects of sunlight, at 60° C., and of 4 hours of water vapourcondensation, with the lamp switched off, at 40° C.; the change ingloss, measured at an angle of 60°, according to ASTM standard D 523, isnoted. Every 200 hours of exposure to this test, the gloss retention isdetermined according to the equation:${\% \quad {retention}} = {\frac{\text{60°~~gloss after 200 hours of exposure}}{\text{60°~~gloss at the start of the experiment}} \times 100}$

the acid number and the hydroxyl number were determined by titrationaccording to DIN standards 53402 and 53240, and expressed as mg of KOHper gram of polyester;

the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the melting point (Tm) weredetermined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a scanningspeed of 20° C. per minute;

the number-average molecular weight ({overscore (M)}n) of the polyesterswas determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), withmonodispersed polystyrene as standard;

the melt viscosity of the polyesters, expressed in mPa.s, was measuredusing an ICI cone-and-plate viscometer according to ASTM standard D4287-88; it is also known as the “ICI viscosity” and was measured at thetemperatures indicated in the examples;

the resistance to acidic hydrolysis of the coatings is indicated by theDelta-b* values according to the method for measuring the L*a*b* coloursby the “Compagnie Internationale d'Eclairage”. To do this, ISO standard3231 is applied, modifying, however, the amount of sulphur dioxide (2instead of 0.2 ) (determination of the resistance to wet atmospherescontaining sulphur dioxide). Chromium-plated aluminium panels coatedwith compositions of formulation C (compositions 20 to 22 and 25according to the invention and comparative composition 32) are subjectedto an acidic wet atmosphere for 25 successive test cycles. A test cycleconsists in placing the panels for 8 hours, at 45° C., in an atmospherecontaining 2 liters of sulphur dioxide, followed by degassing at roomtemperature for 16 hours. After each cycle, the Delta-b* value ismeasured using a spectrophotometer with a measuring geometry of 0/45°,with a D65 type light source. Using the CIE-L*a*b* method, the b* valueindicates a blue/yellow colour variation. The green-colouredcompositions in the formulations C containing the yellow pigment SicominLS 1522 turn blue on exposure to acidic conditions, on account of thedestruction of the pigment LS 1522, if the coatings no longer protectthe pigment due to a lack of resistance to the acidic hydrolysisconditions. At least, the Delta-b* value is high, at most, theresistance to the acidic hydrolysis conditions is high; a coating isconsidered to be sufficiently resistant to the acidic hydrolysis if itsDelta-b* value is less than 5 after 25 cycles. Except where otherwiseindicated, the parts indicated in the examples are parts by weight.

EXAMPLE 1 Three-stage Synthesis of a Polyester Containing TertiaryCarboxyl Groups

First Stage:

395.52 parts of neopentyl glycol are placed in a 4-necked round-bottomedflask fitted with a stirrer, a distillation column connected to awater-cooled condenser, a nitrogen inlet and a thermometer connected toa temperature controller. The contents of the flask are heated to atemperature of 140° C., under nitrogen and with stirring, and 568.65parts of terephthalic acid and 1.25 parts of n-butyltin trioctanoate areadded thereto. The reaction is continued at 240° C. and at atmosphericpressure until 95% of the theoretical amount of water has been distilledoff and the reaction mixture is transparent. A prepolymer containinghydroxyl groups is thus obtained, which has the owing characteristics:

Acid number (IA): 7.6 mg of KOH/g Hydroxyl number (IOH): 56.6 mg ofKOH/g ICI viscosity at 175° C.: 2200 mPa · s

Second Stage:

110.86 parts of isophthalic acid are added, at 200° C., to theprepolymer obtained in the first stage and the mixture is heated to 230°C. After 2 hours at this temperature, and when the reaction mixture istransparent, 1.0 part of tributyl phosphite and 1.0 part of n-butyltintrioctanoate are added thereto and the contents of the flask are placedunder a pressure of 50 mmHg. After 3 hours at this temperature and underthis pressure, the polyester obtained has the following characteristics:

IA: 35.5 mg of KOH/g IOH: 2.5 mg of KOH/g ICI viscosity at 200° C.: 5000mPa · s

Third Stage:

69.38 parts of hydroxypivalic acid and 1.0 part of n-butyltintrioctanoate are added, at 180° C., to the prepolymer obtained in thesecond stage. The mixture is then gradually heated to 230° C. Afterabout half an hour at this temperature, the reaction mixture is placedunder a pressure of 50 mmHg when it has become transparent. After threehours at this temperature and under this pressure, the polyester has thefollowing characteristics:

IA: 34.2 mg of KOH/g IOH: 3.5 mg of KOH/g ICI viscosity at 200° C.: 3500mPa · s Tg (DSC; 20° C./min): 53° C. {overscore (M)}n: 2980

The polyester containing tertiary carboxyl groups thus obtained iscooled to 180° C. and removed from the flask.

EXAMPLES 2 to 5 Three-stage Synthesis of Polyesters Containing TertiaryCarboxyl Groups

Working in the same way as in Example 1, a series of other polyesterscontaining tertiary carboxyl groups was prepared. The monomercomposition of these olyesters is given in Table 1, along with thecharacteristics obtained in the various steps.

In this Table 1, the various compounds used to repare the polyesters aredenoted by the following abbreviations:

NPG: neopentyl glycol TMP: trimethylolpropane NHP: neopentyl glycolhydroxy- pivalate BEPD: 2,2-butylethyl-1,3-propanediol TPA: terephthalicacid iPA: isophthalic acid HPA: hydroxypivalic acid Catalyst: n-butyltintrioctanoate Antioxidant: tributyl phosphite

TABLE 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 First step NPG 405.9359.7 312.0 388.0 NHP — 63.5 — — TMP — — — 7.14 BEPD — — 106.7 — TPA583.6 561.5 557.1 340.42 IPA — — — 229.37 Catalyst: 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.25 IA(mg 10.5 11.0 8.7 8.5 KOH/g) IOH (mg 61.2 60.2 58.7 56.0 KOH/g) ICI(175° C. 2000 1900 1500 2000 in mPa · s) Second step iPA 101.9 101.9101.9 111.04 Catalyst 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Antioxidant 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 IA (mg28.7 28.5 28.2 35.0 KOH/g) IOH (mg 2.1 1.9 4.8 3.0 KOH/g) ICI (200° C.7300 6800 5600 5500 in mPa · s) Third step HPA 54.3 54.3 54.3 69.38Catalyst 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 IA (mg 28.0 27.8 28.5 34.0 KOH/g) IOH (mg 3.63.4 4.3 3.0 KOH/g) ICI (200° C. 5400 4600 4000 4000 in mPa · s) Tg in °C. 54 52 50 51 (DSC; 20° C./min) {overscore (M)}n 3550 3600 3420 3400

EXAMPLE 6 Two-stage Synthesis of a Polyester Containing TertiaryCarboxyl Groups

First Stage:

431.37 parts of neopentyl glycol are placed in a 4-necked round-bottomedflask fitted with a stirrer, a distillation column connected to awater-cooled condenser, a nitrogen inlet and a thermometer connected toa temperature controller. The contents of the flask are heated to atemperature of 140° C., under nitrogen and with stirring, and 639.54parts of terephthalic acid and 2.3 parts of n-butyltin trioctanoate areadded thereto. The reaction is continued at 240° C. and at atmosphericpressure until 95% of the theoretical amount of water has been distilledoff. When the reaction mixture is transparent, 0.1 part of tributylphosphite is added thereto and it is placed under a pressure of 50 mmHg.After two hours at this temperature and under this pressure, aprepolymer containing hydroxyl groups is obtained which has thefollowing characteristics:

IA: 2.8 mg of KOH/g IOH: 36.7 mg of KOH/g ICI viscosity at 200° C.: 5900mPa · s

Second Stage:

75.14 parts of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic anhydride are added, at 180° C., tothe prepolymer obtained in the first stage. After 2 hours at thistemperature, and when the reaction mixture is transparent, the polyesterobtained has the following characteristics:

IA: 33.5 mg of KOH/g IOH: 2.9 mg of KOH/g ICI viscosity at 200° C.: 3900mPa · s {overscore (M)}n: 3080

The polyester containing tertiary carboxyl groups which is thus obtainedis cooled to 180° C. and removed from the flask.

EXAMPLE 7 Two-stage Synthesis of a Semi-crystalline Polyester ContainingPrimary Carboxyl Groups

First Stage:

459.4 parts of 1,6-hexanediol are placed in the same flask as inExample 1. The contents of the flask are heated to a temperature of 150°C. under nitrogen and with stirring, and 579.5 parts of terephthalicacid and 2.5 parts of n-butyltin trioctanoate are added thereto. Thereaction is continued at 235° C. at atmospheric pressure until 95% ofthe theoretical amount of water has distilled off. A prepolymercontaining hydroxyl groups is thus obtained which has the followingcharacteristics:

Acid number: 5.0 mg of KOH/g Hydroxyl number: 53.0 mg of KOH/g ICIviscosity at 175° C.: 800 mPa · s

Second Stage:

101.3 parts of adipic acid are added, at 200° C., to the prepolymerobtained in the first stage and the mixture is heated to 235° C. After 2hours at this temperature, 1.0 part of tributyl phosphite is added andthe contents of the flask are placed under a pressure of 50 mmHg. After2 hours at this temperature and under this pressure, the polyesterobtained has the following characteristics:

IA: 32.0 mg of KOH/g IOH: 0.5 mg of KOH/g ICI viscosity at 200° C.: 1500mPa · s Tg (DSC; 20° C./min): 28° C. Melting range (DSC; 20° C./min):100-130° C. {overscore (M)}n: 3450.

The semi-crystalline polyester bearing primary carboxyl groups, which isthus obtained, is cooled to 160° C. and removed.

EXAMPLE 8 One-stage Synthesis of a Semi-crystalline Polyester BearingPrimary Carboxyl Groups

500.0 parts of 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 655.1 parts of adipic acid and 2.5parts of n-butyltin trioctanoate are placed in the same flask as inExample 1. The mixture is then heated to 140° C., under nitrogen andwith stirring, and the esterification water begins to distil off at 190°C. Heating is continued gradually to a temperature of 200° C. When thedistillation at atmospheric pressure stops, 1.0 part of tributylphosphite and 1.0 part of n-butyltin trioctanoate are added and thecontents of the flask are placed under a pressure of 50 mmHg. After 5hours at this temperature and under this pressure, the polyesterobtained has the following characteristics:

Acid number: 23.5 mg of KOH/g Hydroxyl number: 2.5 mg of KOH/g ICIviscosity at 175° C.: 3600 mPa.s ICI viscosity at 150° C.: 8000 mPa.s Tg(DSC; 20° C./min): 40° C. Melting range: 90-130° C. {overscore (M)}n:4320

The semi-crystalline polyester bearing primary carboxyl groups thusobtained is cooled to 160° C. and removed.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 9 to 13

Comparative Example 9 relates to the two-step synthesis, according tothe procedure in the first two steps of Example 1, of a totallycondensed linear polyester bearing aromatic carboxyl groups. Thispolyester is well known in the state of the art.

In Comparative Example 10, a polyester very similar to that ofComparative Example 9 was synthesized, and was prepared in the same waywith complete condensation, but with introduction of a small amount ofmonomers known for their plasticizing effect. This linear polyesterbearing aromatic carboxyl groups improves the melt flow of the powdercontaining it, by virtue of the presence of the plasticizing monomers.

In Comparative Example 11, a polyester very similar to that ofComparative Example 9 was prepared, and was prepared in the same way asin that example, but stopping the synthesis before the condensation wascomplete. On account of its incomplete condensation, this linearpolyester bearing aromatic carboxyl groups has a lower number-averagemolecular weight than the polyester of Comparative Example 9, whichimproves its melt flow, as well as lower functionality, which reducesthe reactivity of the powder containing it.

Comparative Example 12 relates to a polyester containing the samemonomers as the polyester of Example 1 according to the invention, butit was prepared as in Example 1 in three steps, except that the order ofsteps 2 and 3 was reversed. By working in this way, it is observed thatthe hydroxypivalic acid is incorporated into the polyester in the secondstep of the synthesis, by reaction between the primary hydroxyl groupsof the prepolyester bearing hydroxyl groups, obtained in the first step,and the tertiary carboxyl group of the hydroxypivalic acid, which leadsto a prepolyester bearing hydroxyl groups derived from thehydroxypivalic acid. The third step of the synthesis leads to acarboxylation with the isophthalic acid, which gives a non-plasticized,completely condensed linear polyester bearing aromatic carboxyl groups,which is similar to the polyester of Comparative Example 9.

In Comparative Example 13, an attempt was made to prepare a polyesterhaving the same monomer composition as the polyester of Example 1according to the invention, but performing the process in a single step,as in patent application EP 634,434. This synthesis was not possible,since the polycondensation stopped at a very early stage to give areaction mixture of milky appearance in which the terephthalic acidprecipitates in large amounts.

Table 2 summarizes the amounts of monomers used in the synthesis of thepolyesters of Comparative Examples 9 to 12, as well as the syntheticsteps and the characteristics of the prepolyesters and final polyestersobtained. In this Table 2, the abbreviations used are the same as thosein Table 1. In addition, the abbreviations below denote the following:

EG ethylene glycol AdA adipic acid

TABLE 2 Example Example Example Example 9 10 11 12 First step NPG 420.1377.3 426.8 395.5 EG — 32.8 — — TPA 603.9 543.5 613.6 568.7 iPA — 67.2 —— Catalyst 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 IA (mg 9.6 7.0 8.9 9.5 KOH/g) IOH (mg 59.656.8 58.6 56.0 KOH/g) ICI (175° in 1900 1600 2000 2500 mPa.s) Secondstep iPA 113.1 83.9 104.1 — Ada — 34.3 — — HPA — — — 69.4 Catalyst 1.01.0 1.0 1.0 Antioxidant 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 IA (mg 34.0 32.1 30.8 6.5 KOH/g)IOH (mg 3.3 3.0 11.5 45.0 KOH/g) ICI (200° C. 4700 3100 4100 4200 inmPa.s) (175° C.) {overscore (M)}n 3000 3200 2650 — Tg in ° C. 55 53 52 —(DSC; 20° C./min) Third step iPA — — — 110.9 Catalyst — — — 1.0 IA (mg —— — 31.7 KOH/g) IOH (mg — — — 2.0 KOH/g) ICI (200° C. — — — 5900 inmPa.s) Tg in ° C. — — — 52 (DSC; 20° C./min) {overscore (M)}n — — — 3300

EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of Thermosetting Powder Compositions andCharacteristics of the Coatings Thereby Obtained

Starting with the polyesters bearing tertiary carboxyl groups ofExamples 1 to 6 according to the invention and with the polyestersbearing carboxyl groups obtained in the Comparative Examples 9 to 12, aseries of powders which can be used for manufacturing coatings isprepared. As seen in Table 3, the semi-crystalline polyesters obtainedin Examples 7 and 8 were also added to some of these formulations. Thefollowing three different types of formulations were prepared, one ofwhite colour (formulation A), the other of dark brown colour(formulation B) and the third of green colour (formulation C):

A) binder 700.0 parts titanium dioxide (1) 300.0 parts fluidity modifier(2) 10.0 parts benzoin 3.5 parts B) binder 804.0 parts Bayferrox 130 (3)45.0 parts Bayferrox 3950 (3) 140.0 parts FW 2 (4) 11.0 parts fluiditymodifier (2) 10.0 parts benzoin 3.5 parts C) binder 670.0 parts titaniumdioxide (1) 40.0 parts Sicomin L 1522 (5) 240.0 parts Heliogene Blue K7090 (6) 10.0 parts Carbon Black Flammruss 101 (7) 40.0 parts fluiditymodifier (2) 10.0 parts benzoin 3.5 parts (1) Kronos 2310 (Kronos) (2)Resiflow PV5 (Worlee) (3) (Bayer) (4) (Degussa) (5) (BASF) (6) (BASF)(7) Degussa

The binder in these formulations always contains the crosslinking agent,as well as either the polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groupsaccording to the invention as sole polyester (compositions 15 to 23 and27), or such a polyester mixed with a semi-crystalline polyester bearingcarboxyl groups (compositions 24 to 26), or, for comparison, a polyesterbearing aromatic carboxyl groups (compositions 28 to 33), as indicatedin Table 3.

The compositions are prepared by dry-mixing and homogenization of thevarious constituents in an L/D 15/1 16 mm Prism twin-screw extruder, atan extrusion temperature of 85° C. The homogenized mixture is thencooled and ground in a Retsch ZM100 grinder, with a screen diameter of0.5 mm. The powder thus obtained is screened so as to obtain a particlesize of from 10 to 100 micrometers. In the case of compositions 24 to26, containing two polyesters, these are mixed together in the moltenstate in a round-bottomed flask, prior to the operations describedabove.

The compositions, formulated as described above, were applied, using aGEMA-Volstatic PCG1 electrostatic spray gun, at a voltage of 60 kV, tountreated, cold-rolled steel plates, in a film thickness of from 50 to70 micrometers. The coats deposited then undergo heating in anair-ventilated oven, at a temperature of 200° C., for a period of 15minutes. The cured coatings thus obtained are subjected to the standardtests. The results obtained are reported in Table 3.

In this table,

the 1st column gives the number of the composition prepared in Example14,

the 2nd column, the type of formulation, A, B or C,

the 3rd column, the example number for the preparation of the polyesterbearing tertiary carboxyl groups used, with the amount used(compositions 15 to 27) and of the comparative polyester bearingaromatic carboxyl groups (compositions 28 to 33),

the 4th column, the example number for the preparation of thesemi-crystalline polyester bearing carboxyl groups, with the amount used(which represents 10% by weight of the semi-crystalline polyester,relative to the entire weight of the polyesters; compositions 24 to 26),

the 5th column, the nature and amount of crosslinking agent used, withthe following abbreviations:

XL: Primid XL 552 from the company EMS, a beta-hydroxyalkylamide offormula III in which R³ represents a hydrogen atom;

QM: Primid QM 1260 from the company EMS, a beta-hydroxyalkylamide offormula III in which R³ represents a methyl group;

GMA: GMA252 from the company Estron Chemical Inc., a glycidyl acryliccopolymer.

the 6th and 7th columns, the value of the impact strength, in kg/cm,reverse impact and direct impact respectively,

the 8th column, the visual evaluation of the quality of the surfaceappearance of the coatings, in which:

(b) indicates a perfectly smooth and correctly taut appearance, likethat of a mirror,

(m) indicates a much poorer appearance than (b), with the start of anorange-peel skin,

(tm) indicates a pronounced orange-peel skin appearance,

the 9th column, the Delta-b* value (Δb*), which indicates the resistanceto hydrolysis, as explained at the start of the examples,

the 10th column, the gloss, measured at an angle of 60°.

TABLE 3 Polyester containing Semi- Type of tertiary crystallineCross-linking Impact strength Gloss Composition formulation carboxylpolyester agent Reverse Direct Appearance Δb* 60° 15 A EX 1: 665.0 — XL:35.0 200 200 b — 96 16 A EX 2: 668.5 — XL: 31.5 180 180 b — 95 17 A EX6: 665.0 — XL: 35.0 160 140 b — 94 18 A EX 1: 661.5 — QM: 38.5 200 200 b— 95 19 A EX 3: 665.0 — QM: 35.0 180 160 b — 95 20 C EX 1: 636.5 — XL:33.5 180 180 b 5.0 92 21 C EX 1: 633.2 — QM: 36.8 160 120 b 3.8 93 22 CEX 4: 636.5 — QM: 33.5 160 140 b 4.0 92 23 B EX 1: 759.8 — QM: 44.2 160180 b — 95 24 A EX 5: 598.5 EX 7: 66.5 XL: 35.0 160 140 b — 93 25 C EX5: 569.9 EX 7: 63.3 QM: 36.8 140 120 b 3.6 94 26 A EX 5: 595.4 EX 8:66.1 QM: 38.5 160 160 b — 93 27 A EX 1: 574.0 — GMA: 162.0 200 200 b —95  28* A EX 9: 665.0 — XL: 35.0 180 160 tm — 94  29* A EX 11: 666.8 —XL: 33.2 80 60 m — 90  30* A EX 9: 661.5 — QM: 38.5 180 180 tm — 91  31*A EX 12: 666.8 — XL: 33.2 180 180 tm — 92  32* C EX 10: 636.5 — XL: 33.5160 160 m 15   93  33* B EX 9: 759.8 — QM: 44.2 180 160 tm — 92 Thecompositions labelled ^(a*n) are tested for comparative purposes

As seen in Table 3, the coatings obtained with the compositionscontaining a polyester bearing tertiary carboxyl groups, in accordancewith the invention, have a very high-quality surface—which is smooth andcorrectly taut, without an orange-peel appearance (compositions 15 to27). These coatings also have very good flexibility (compositions 15, 18and 27, for example), which is at least equal to, if not better than,that of the coatings in the state of the art (compositions 28, 30, 32and 33, for example), as shown by their impact strength. The resistanceto hydrolysis of these coatings is also very good, as shown bycompositions 20 to 22 and 25 according to the invention. With thecompositions also containing a semi-crystalline polyester (compositions24 to 26), a further improved surface appearance is obtained in certaincases; in contrast with the compositions in patent application WO91/14745, the addition of a semi-crystalline polyester to thecompositions according to the invention results in virtually no increasein the rate of crosslinking.

In contrast, the coatings obtained with the comparative compositionseach have, one or other, defects. None of these coatings have a surfaceappearance which is as good as with the compositions of the invention.Moreover, it is observed that if it desired to obtain a good surfaceappearance using an incompletely condensed polyester, in order to makeit flow more easily on melting (composition 29), the flexibilitydeteriorates. If, for the same purpose, a composition containing apolyester prepared using plasticizing monomers is used (composition 32),good flexibility is found, but the resistance to hydrolysis becomes verypoor.

In conclusion, it should be noted that by using the polyesters bearingtertiary carboxyl groups according to the invention in thermosettingpowder compositions, coatings are obtained which have, simultaneously,an excellent appearance, excellent flexibility and very good resistanceto hydrolysis, i.e. a combination of properties which it is not possibleto find assembled with the compositions containing polyesters bearingcarboxyl groups of the state of the art.

EXAMPLE 15 Resistance to Bad Weather of the Coats of Paint

In this example, the resistance to bad weather of coats of paintobtained with composition 23 in accordance with the invention iscompared with that of coats obtained with composition 33 not inaccordance with the invention.

The pigmented powders formulated according to the B type, as describedin Example 14, are applied by electrostatic spray-gun ontochromium-plated aluminium panels under the same conditions as in Example14.

The coats were subjected to an accelerated ageing test in order toestimate the resistance to bad weather (Q-UV test), as described at thestart of the examples. Table 4 gives the gloss values for the coats ofpaint, measured at an angle of 60°, every 200 hours, until the reductionin the gloss reaches about 50% of its initial value, this initial valuebeing set at 100%.

TABLE 4 Hours Composition 23 Composition 33 0 100 100 200 100 100 400 9999 600 99 98 800 97 97 1000 93 92 1200 90 90 1400 85 84 1600 80 78 180077 74 2000 66 65 2200 59 56 2400 55 52 2600 54 50 2800 49 46 3000 45 43

As can be seen on reading Table 4, the coating obtained according to theinvention, with a composition containing a polyester bearing tertiarycarboxyl groups, has excellent resistance to bad weather, which iscomparable with that of a coating obtained with a composition known inthe state of the art.

What is claimed is:
 1. A thermosetting powder composition, comprising abeta-hydroxyalkylamide cross-linking agent and a polyester havingterminal tertiary carboxyl groups, said polyester being prepared byreacting (a) 8.1 to 35 moles of an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyolwith (b) 9.1 to 36 moles of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromaticpolycarboxylic acid to form a prepolyester, and then by reacting saidprepolyester with (c) 1.6 to 2.8 moles of an aliphatic, cycloaliphaticor aromatic compound having a tertiary carboxyl group, and either aprimary or secondary carboxyl group or a primary or secondary hydroxylgroup, the number of moles of (a), (b) and (c) being relative for 1 moleof said polyester, and said polyester having an acid number of from 15to 50 mg KOH/g.
 2. The thermosetting powder composition according toclaim 1, wherein said polyol (a) is at least one of neopentyl glycol,2,2-butylethyl-1,3-propanediol, neopentyl glycol hydroxypivalate,1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, trimethylolpropane, ditrimethylolpropane orpentaerythritol.
 3. The thermosetting powder composition according toclaim 1, wherein said polyol (a) comprises from 40 to 100% by weight ofneopentyl glycol, relative to the total weight of said polyol (a). 4.The thermosetting powder composition according to claim 1, wherein saidpolycarboxylic acid (b) is at least one of isophthalic acid,terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride,1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid or1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid.
 5. The thermosetting powdercomposition according to claim 1, wherein said polycarboxylic acid (b)comprises from 85 to 100% by weight of terephthalic acid or isophthalicacid or both, relative to the total weight of said polycarboxylic acid(b).
 6. The thermosetting powder composition according to claim 1,wherein said compound (c) is represented by formula I,

in which R¹ and R² are the same or different and each is an alkyl groupcontaining from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group or an arylgroup; Y is a carboxyl or hydroxyl group; R³ is a hydrogen atom or hasthe same meaning as R¹ or R².
 7. The thermosetting powder compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein said compound (c) is hydroxypivalic acid,2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid or 2,2-dimethylsuccinic anhydride.
 8. Thethermosetting powder composition according to claim 1, wherein saidpolyester has a hydroxyl number of from 0 to 10 mg of KOH/g, anumber-average molecular weight of from 1800 to 10,500, a functionalityof from 1.6 to 2.8, an ICI viscosity at 200° C. of from 10 to 10,000mPa.s and a glass transition temperature of between 45 and 85° C.
 9. Thethermosetting powder composition according to claim 1, wherein saidbeta-hydroxyalkylamide crosslinking agent is represented by formula III:

wherein n is 0.2 to 1 and R³ is a hydrogen atom or methyl group.
 10. Thethermosetting powder composition according to claim 1, furthercomprising up to 40% by weight of a semi-crystalline polyester havingcarboxyl groups, relative to the total weight of said semi-crystallinepolyester and said polyester having tertiary carboxyl groups.
 11. Thethermosetting powder composition according to claim 10, wherein saidsemi-crystalline polyester is a condensation product of a stoichiometricexcess of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polycarboxylic acidwith an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic polyol, has an acid number between10 and 70 mg of KOH/g, has a number-average molecular weight from 1600to 17,000, has a glass transition temperature from 10 to 50° C., has amelting range from 70 to 150° C., and has an ICI viscosity from 10 to10,000 mPa.s, at 175° C.
 12. The thermosetting powder compositionaccording to claim 10, wherein 0.25 to 1.4 equivalents of carboxylgroups in said polyester having terminal tertiary carboxyl groups andsaid optional semi-crystalline polyester having carboxyl groups are usedper equivalent of functional groups in said beta-hydroxyalkylamidecrosslinking agent.
 13. The thermosetting powder composition accordingto claim 1, further comprising up to 10% by weight, relative to thetotal weight of the composition, of a compound which absorbs UV light, alight-stabilizer, a pigment, a filler, a fluidity modifier, aplasticizer, or a combination thereof.
 14. The thermosetting powdercomposition according to claim 1, wherein said polyester is prepared by:condensing said polycarboxylic acid (b) with a stoichiometric excess ofsaid polyol (a), to form a prepolyester having hydroxyl groups,condensing the prepolyester with an additional amount of saidpolycarboxylic acid (b), excluding terephthalic acid, to form aprepolyester having carboxyl groups, and condensing the prepolyesterhaving carboxyl groups with said compound (c).
 15. The thermosettingpowder composition according to claim 1, wherein said polyester isprepared by: condensing said polycarboxylic acid (b) with astoichiometric excess of said polyol (a), to form a prepolyester havinghydroxyl groups, and condensing the prepolyester with said compound (c)having a tertiary carboxyl group, and a primary or secondary carboxylgroup.
 16. The thermosetting powder composition according to claim 1,wherein said polyester is prepared by: condensing said polyol (a) with astoichiometric excess of said polycarboxylic acid (b), excludingterephthalic acid, to form a prepolyester having carboxyl groups, andcondensing the prepolyester with said compound (c) having a terminalcarboxyl group, and a primary or secondary hydroxyl group.
 17. A processfor coating an article, which comprises coating an article with saidthermosetting powder composition according to claim 1 in a fluidized bedor by spraying with an electrostatic or triboelectric spray gun, andheating said coating at a temperature of from 160 to 225° C. for aperiod of from 5 to 30 minutes.
 18. An article of manufacture, which iscoated by the process according to claim
 17. 19. An article ofmanufacture, which is coated with said thermosetting powder compositionaccording to claim
 1. 20. A metallic article which is coated with saidthermosetting powder composition according to claim 1.